Sauk language

Sauk
Language family	Algic Algonquian Fox Sauk
Language codes
ISO 639-3	sac
Glottolog	mesk1242  Meskwaki sacc1239  Sac

Sauk is either a dialect of the Fox language or a distinct language, one of the many Algonquian languages. It is very closely related to the dialects spoken by the Meskwaki and the Kickapoo tribes. Each of the dialects contains archaisms and innovations that distinguish them from each other. Sauk and Meskwaki appear to be the most closely related of the three, reflecting the peoples' long relationship. Sauk is considered to be mutually intelligible, to a point, with Fox.

In their own language, the Sauk at one time called themselves asakiwaki [a-'sak-i-wa-ki], "people of the outlet". The Sauk people have a syllabic orthography for their language. They published a Primer Book in 1975, based on a "traditional" syllabary that existed in 1906. It is intended to help modern-day Sauk to learn to write and speak their ancestral tongue. A newer orthography was proposed around 1994 to aid in language revival. The former syllabary was aimed at remaining native speakers of Sauk; the more recent orthography was developed for native English speakers, as many Sauk grow up with English as their first language

Sauk has so few speakers that it is considered an endangered language, as are numerous others native to North America.

In 2005, A Concise Dictionary of the Sauk Language was published using the Algonquianist Standard Roman Orthography.

In 2012, Shawnee High School in Shawnee, Oklahoma, began to offer a Sauk language course.

Sauk language loss

Use of Sauk as the official tribal language in everyday communication declined rapidly between 1935 and 1945. The chances of coming across a tribal member who can understand basic phrases of Sauk is small, due to the fact that the main language spoken by the Sac and Fox today is English. The loss of Sauk, as with many other Native American languages, lies in context with American history. Speaking in the native language was actively discouraged and often punished in Indian boarding schools during the late 19th and early 20th century, when the U.S. was attempting to assimilate Native Americans into European-American culture.

Another conflict for the preservation of the language, is that the original syllabary created was intended for the use of native Sauk speakers, and its clarification was designed from the Sauk language. This is a problem because this is no longer as helpful for the majority of the Sac and Fox nation, as the official tribe language today is English. The issue arises in instances when Sauk is being taught to a school in the tribe, and an elder, who is fluent in the language, disagrees with the pronunciation being taught.

Phonology

Sauk does not have many phonemes in comparison to many other languages: four vowels, two semivowels, and nine consonants.

Consonants

The following consonant phonemes are given in Reinschmidt (1995):

Consonant phonemes

	Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	p		t	tʃ	k
Fricative		θ	(s)	ʃ		h
Nasal	m		n
Approximant				j	w

/ʃ/ is primarily heard as [ʃ], but may also alternate as [s] among speakers in free variation.

The representation of /h/ was omitted in the 1977 syllabary. It was added back in later editions because it is an important distinctive sound in the Sauk language.

Reinschmidt symbolizes /j/ as ⟨y⟩, following Americanist practice.

All four stops have at least two allophones each, one fortis and one lenis:

• /p/ → [p, hp]
• /t/ → [t, ht]
• /t͡ʃ/ → [t͡ʃ, ht͡ʃ]
• /k/ → [k, hk]

Vowels

Sauk vowel phonemes

	Front	Back
		unrounded	rounded
High	i		o
Mid	ɛ
Low		ɑ

Vowel length is important in the Sauk language because of its distinctive function. Long vowels are often distinguished by the doubling of characters, such as ⟨a/aa⟩ representing two different spoken lengths. This is different for the vowel ⟨e⟩, as an elongated version of this vowel shares the sound of the vowel in the English word bear. Reinschmidt presents four vowels, each with two allophones:

• /ɑ/ → [ɑ, ɑː]
• /ɛ/ → [ɛ, ɛː]
• /i/ → [i, iː]
• /o/ → [o, oː]

Pitch and tone

Pitch and tone are important when speaking Sauk, as there is a general rule of emphasizing the first or second syllable of phrases, and slowly fades away by the end of a word. The Sauk language is perceived as having a "swallowed" quality when referring to the ends of phrases and words, so pitch, tone and intonation is a concept that would come from learning the language as opposed to studying the syllabary.

Syllables

Both the Sauk and Fox languages are known for "swallowing" syllables in word-final position, which can make identification of individual sounds more difficult for the language learner.

Morphology

Sauk is a polysynthetic language. Because this can easily pose great difficulties to learners with little to no experience with highly synthetic languages, the Sauk orthography has words written by identifying each syllable.

Samples

Two samples of written Sauk language, as they appear in Reinschmidt 1995:

Ho! Ne nu ta ma

'Hi! I speak Sauk!'

Ni swi me cli ke a ki a la se te ke wa ki a la te ki ki e ka ta wi ke mi yak i e we li ke mi ya ki ne ko ti me cle ke a e cla gwe ne mo tti wi ne li wi tti cle we na li ta ske wa ne li se ke

'Two turtles were sunning on a bank when a thunderstorm approached. When it began to rain, one turtle said to the other, 'I don't want to get wet,' and jumped into the lake.'