User:Emeraldh01/Sea turtle migration

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Physiological and Behavioral Aspects of Sea Turtle Migration[edit]

Sea turtles are known to migrate long distances up to 10,000 miles or more per year[1]. During this time of travel, there is movement between breeding, foraging, and overwintering sites. Migration begins at the time of hatching. Hatchlings begin to migrate to open waters after emerging from their nest. Juvenile and adult sea turtles engage in seasonal migration, likely due to finding other thermal habitats and seeking areas with sufficient food availability.[2] Sea turtles will move north during spring and summer seasons to more nutrient rich bodies of water. In fall and winter seasons, they will migrate back in a southward direction[1].

Loggerhead Sea Turtle

Sea turtles are considered ectothermic non-avian reptiles. Temperature plays a major affect on both metabolic and physiological process of the turtle[3]. During sea turtle migration, it has been shown that there is a correlation between activity levels and VO2 within the turtles. Previous research concludes that VO2 levels are higher when in migration rather than in rest. [2] The size of the turtles also have an effect on aerobic metabolism levels. A previous study indicated that as body size of the sea turtles increased, so did the capacity for aerobic activity.[4] The higher capacity of aerobic activity is effective when traveling long distances. The research team concluded that the migrations done by the sea turtles are helpful in regulating temperatures, which overall increases their aerobic metabolic activity.

The following navigational methods of sea turtle migration help to increase the fitness benefits of the sea turtle. The turtles use these cues to travel into deeper waters for more a higher abundance of food and a lower risk of predation. For sea turtles who are endangered, finding an area of lower predation helps to maximize their overall fitness and keep them as an existent species.[5]

Navigation methods [1][edit]

Turtle navigational skills for migrations remain unknown. There are several hypotheses including astronomical cues and the Earth's magnetic field[6]. There is evidence that sea turtles do use a navigational compass such as bicoordinate mapping or geomagnetic imprinting when making long migrations. The following navigational methods of sea turtle migration help to increase the fitness benefits of the sea turtle. The turtles use these cues to travel into deeper waters for more a higher abundance of food and a lower risk of predation. For sea turtles who are endangered, finding an area of lower predation helps to maximize their overall fitness and keep them as an existent species.[5]

Bicoordinate Mapping[edit]

Bicoordinate mapping has also been hypothesized as a method of travel for sea turtles along with longitudinal direction.[7] Bicoordinate mapping is defined as a geomagnetic map that depends on both the intensity and inclination of the magnetic field.[8] Changes within the intensity or inclination of the earth's magnetic field can deter a sea turtles direction of travel, so it is important for geographical coordinates to play a role in open-sea migration. It has been shown that when placed into areas with the same latitudinal but different longitudinal coordinates, sea turtles are able to continue traveling in the same magnetic direction they began in[8]. The conclusion is formed that sea turtles may inherit a bicoordinate map to follow that does not coordinate with specific latitudinal or longitudinal points, but helps for the turtle to maintain a constant direction of travel.[7]

Geomagnetic Imprinting[edit]

Sea Turtle laying eggs at designated natal beach

Geomagnetic imprinting is done by the use of inclination angle and field intensity to imprint onto the magnetic fields of the sea turtles natal homes. Imprinting is an innate learning process that is inherited within species to recognize important landmarks and resources. The use of geomagnetic imprinting helps the sea turtles to navigate back in later timelines. This process is not only used in sea turtles, but can also be seen in fish such as Salmo Salar (Atlantic salmon) and Bird migration. This method of navigation is important for female sea turtles, as it has been proven that they will return to their natal beaches to lay their own eggs. [9] Intensity and inclination of the magnetic field depend on latitude, which is helpful in navigating the turtles north or south[10]. This makes it easier for the turtles to follow along the coastline that is most related to their natal beach[9], ultimately guiding them back. Previous research concluded that returning to the natal beach in order to lay offspring is an advantage towards parasitic resistance and disease, which overall increases the fitness of the turtles[11].

Bibliography[edit]

  • Putnam N.F., C.S Endres, C.M. Lohmann, and  K.J Lohmann. 2011. Longitude Perception and Bicoordinate Magnetic Maps in Sea Turtles. Current Biol. 21(6): 463-600.[7]
    • This is a scientific journal. It talks about longitude perception and bicoordinate mapping within sea turtles so it helps with establishing notability.
  • Southwood, Amanda and Larisa Avens. 2009. Physiological, Behavioral, and Ecological Aspects of Migration in Reptiles. J. Comp. Physiol. B. 180:1-23.[2]
  • David T. Booth. 1998. Incubation of Turtle Eggs at Different Temperatures: Do Embryos Compensate for Temperature During Development? Univ. of Chicago Press. 71(1): 23-26[3]
    • This is a peer-reviews scientific journal, making it reliable. It covers the effects of temperature on oxygen consumption of embryonic turtles.
  • Prange HD, Jackson DC. 1976. Ventilation, Gas Exchange, and Metabolic Scaling of a Sea Turtle. Resp. Physiol. 27: 369-377.[4]
  • Brothers J.R., and K.J. Lohmann. 2015. Evidence for Geomagnetic Imprinting and Magnetic Navigation in the Natal Homing of Sea Turtles. Current Biol. 25(3): 392-396.[9]
    • This is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, making it a reliable source. It covers the topics of geomagnetic imprinting and magnetic navigation in depth, making it helpful to establish notability.
  • Lohmann K. and C. Lohmann. 1994. Acquisition of Magnetic Directional Preference in Hatchling Logger Sea Turtles. J. Exp. Biol. 190(1): 1-8.[6]
    • This is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, so it should be a reliable source. It covers the topics of directional preference which is helpful for notability.
  • Lohmann K., and C. Lohmann. 1996. Orientation and Open-sea Navigation in Sea Turtles. J. Exp. Biol.199(1): 73-81.[8]
    • This is a peer-reviewed scientific journal. It covers the background information of navigation within sea turtle
  • Fuxjager M.J., K.R Davidoff, L.A. Mangiamele, and K.J. Lohmann. 2014. The Geomagnetic Environment in which Sea Turtle Eggs Incubate Affects Subsequent Magnetic Navigation Behavior of Hatchlings. Proc. Biol. Sci. 281(1791): 1-8[10]
    • This is a scientific journal. This journal covers topics of the surrounding geomagnetic environment on natal beaches.
  • Pike DA. 2008. Natural Beaches Confer Fitness Benefits to Nesting Marine Turtles. Biol. Lett. 4(6): 704-706.[5]
    • This scientific journal covers the topics of the fitness benefits related to nesting marine turtles.
  • Stiebens, V.A., Merino, S.E., Chain, F.J.J. et al. Evolution of MHC class I genes in the endangered loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) revealed by 454 amplicon sequencing. BMC Evol Biol 13, 95 (2013).[11]
    • This is a scientific journal.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Sea Turtle Migration". SEE Turtles. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  2. ^ a b c Southwood, Amanda; Avens, Larisa (2010-01). "Physiological, behavioral, and ecological aspects of migration in reptiles". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 180 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1007/s00360-009-0415-8. ISSN 0174-1578. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ a b Booth, David T. (1998-01). "Incubation of Turtle Eggs at Different Temperatures: Do Embryos Compensate for Temperature during Development?". Physiological Zoology. 71 (1): 23–26. doi:10.1086/515884. ISSN 0031-935X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); no-break space character in |first= at position 6 (help)
  4. ^ a b Prange, Henry D.; Jackson, Donald C. (1976-09). "Ventilation, gas exchange and metabolic scaling of a sea turtle". Respiration Physiology. 27 (3): 369–377. doi:10.1016/0034-5687(76)90065-7. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ a b c Pike, David A (2008-09-02). "Natural beaches confer fitness benefits to nesting marine turtles". Biology Letters. 4 (6): 704–706. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0359. ISSN 1744-9561.
  6. ^ a b Lohmann, Kenneth J.; Fittinghoff Lohmann, Catherine M. (1994-05-01). "ACQUISITION OF MAGNETIC DIRECTIONAL PREFERENCE IN HATCHLING LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLES". Journal of Experimental Biology. 190 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1242/jeb.190.1.1. ISSN 0022-0949.
  7. ^ a b c Putman, Nathan F.; Endres, Courtney S.; Lohmann, Catherine M.F.; Lohmann, Kenneth J. (2011-03). "Longitude Perception and Bicoordinate Magnetic Maps in Sea Turtles". Current Biology. 21 (6): 463–466. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.057. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); no-break space character in |first2= at position 9 (help); no-break space character in |first3= at position 10 (help); no-break space character in |first4= at position 8 (help); no-break space character in |first= at position 7 (help)
  8. ^ a b c Lohmann, Kenneth J.; Lohmann, Catherine M. F. (1996-01-01). "Orientation and Open-Sea Navigation in Sea Turtles". Journal of Experimental Biology. 199 (1): 73–81. doi:10.1242/jeb.199.1.73. ISSN 0022-0949.
  9. ^ a b c Brothers, J. Roger; Lohmann, Kenneth J. (2015-02). "Evidence for Geomagnetic Imprinting and Magnetic Navigation in the Natal Homing of Sea Turtles". Current Biology. 25 (3): 392–396. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.035. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); no-break space character in |first2= at position 8 (help); no-break space character in |first= at position 3 (help)
  10. ^ a b Fuxjager, Matthew J.; Davidoff, Kyla R.; Mangiamele, Lisa A.; Lohmann, Kenneth J. (2014-09-22). "The geomagnetic environment in which sea turtle eggs incubate affects subsequent magnetic navigation behaviour of hatchlings". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1791): 20141218. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1218. ISSN 0962-8452.
  11. ^ a b Stiebens, Victor A.; Merino, Sonia E.; Chain, Frédéric J. J.; Eizaguirre, Christophe (2013-04-30). "Evolution of MHC class I genes in the endangered loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) revealed by 454 amplicon sequencing". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 95. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-95. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 3655109. PMID 23627726.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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