User:Passando/sandbox

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Giuseppe Maras
Born(1922-10-10)10 October 1922
Silba, Dalmatia, Kingdom of SHS
Died(2002-05-12)12 May 2002
Rome, Italy
Allegiance Kingdom of Italy
Years of service1939–1945
Awards
Gold Medal of Military Valour

Giuseppe Maras was Italian commander of division Italia (Yugoslavia): he was awarded with Gold Medal of Military Valour by the President of Italian Republic in 1968.[1]He was a soldier of Italian army.

[2]authors and scholars such as Raoul Pupo, Gianni Oliva and Arrigo Petacco consider Tito responsible for the Foibe killings [3] [4][5]. Among them there are Bernard Meares[6] and Pamela Ballinger [7]. Tito's involvement with the Foibe issue has attracted media coverage [8].

During World War II, the German minority in occupied Yugoslavia enjoyed a status of superiority over the Yugoslav population.[9] The Volksdeutche (as they were called) were under heavy Nazi influence and served as the fifth column during the invasion of Yugoslavia. The Germans had been given control over the Yugoslav region of Banat in which they ruled over the local Slav majority, forming Waffen SS volunteer formations. This was primarily the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen, one of the most infamous SS units, responsible for the killing of tens of thousands of Yugoslav civilians,[9] as well as brutal reprisals resulting in the desolation of entire areas. With rare exceptions, the Yugoslav Volksdeutche collaborated wholeheartedly with the occupation, supplying more than 60,000 troops for German military formations, and actively participating in the brutal repression of the Yugoslav populace.[9] On November 21 1944 the Presidency of the Yugoslav parliament, the AVNOJ, declared the highly organized[9] German minority collectively hostile to the Yugoslav state. The majority of Yugoslavia's Germans were subsequently expelled from the country. Tito himself issued an order to Peko Dapčević on October 16 1944 which stated, "Immediately send me by way of Bela Crkva to Vršac one of the best, strongest brigades, possibly a Krajina Brigade. It is needed for me to clear Vršac of its Swabian population. [...] Keep this in secret".[10] Over the course of October, approximately 700 local Germans were killed there by Yugoslav forces.[11]

Tito established an authoritarian[12][13][14] single-party state[15]. The number of people killed between 1945 and 1946, “victims of Tito’s mass shootings, forced death marches and concentration camps” has been put at 250,000[16][17].

In 1944, Tito signed a the decree that ordered the government confiscation of all property, without compensation, of Yugoslavia’s ethnic Germans” [18] and “an additional law, promulgated in Belgrade on February 6, 1945, cancelled the Yugoslav citizenship of the country’s ethnic Germans” [19].

Several authors and scholars [20] consider Tito's regime responsible for the Foibe killings[21].

Broz repressed his countrymen/countrywomen with OZNA, UDBA and a lot of brutal prisons: notorious is Goli Otok prison where many political prisoners were killed.

Among others authors and scholars, Rudolph Joseph Rummel, professor emeritus of political science at the University of Hawaii, accuses Tito of being responsible of “massive democide”[22][23] of more than 500,000 people,[22][23] "mainly 'collaborators', 'anti-communists', rival guerrillas, Ustashi and critics"[22] and “after the war” of “even more people, now also including the rich, landlords, bourgeoisie, clerics, and in the later 1940s, even pro-Soviet communists”.[22] Rummel considers him responsible[22] for an ethnic cleansing process against “Italian POWs and civilians”, “Moslems and Albanians” and against Germans, arguing he tried “to expel all ethnic Germans in the country” along with ethnic Italians.[22] He considers him responsible of the “Bleiburg and related massacres”[22] and he writes that “forced labor and imprisonment for opponents or undesirables was a characteristic of the Tito regime” too [22].

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana". www.quirinale.it.
  2. ^ web encyclopedia, in section -Tito's dictatorship-:During the 1970s the economy began to weaken under the weight of foreign debt, high inflation, and inefficient industry. Also, he was under increasing pressure from nationalist forces within Yugoslavia, especially Croatian secessionists who threatened to break up the federation. Following their repression, Tito tightened control of intellectual life. After his death in 1980, the ethnic tensions resurfaced, helping to bring about the eventual violent breakup of the federation in the early 1990s.
  3. ^ Arrigo Petacco, A tragedy revealed: the story of the Italian population of Istria, Dalmatia, and Venezia Giulia, 1943-1956, Toronto Italian studies, ISBN 0802039219
  4. ^ Dennison I. Rusinow, The Yugoslav experiment 1948-1974
  5. ^ See Raoul Pupo (Foibe, Bruno Mondadori, Milano 2003; Il lungo esodo. Istria: le persecuzioni, le foibe, l'esilio, Rizzoli, Milano 2005 etc.), Gianni Oliva, (Foibe. Le stragi negate degli italiani della Venezia Giulia e dell'Istria, Mondadori, Milano 2003), Arrigo Petacco, (L'esodo. La tragedia negata degli italiani d'Istria, Dalmazia e Venezia Giulia, Mondadori, Milano 1999), et alia
  6. ^ "Bernard MEARES - Where the Balkans begin". Miran.pecenik.com. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
  7. ^ http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7366.html
  8. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/20/world/in-trieste-investigation-of-brutal-era-is-blocked.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all
  9. ^ a b c d Tomasevich, Jozo; War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: occupation and collaboration; Stanford University Press, 2001 ISBN 0-80473-615-4 [1]
  10. ^ Geiger, Vladimir. “Josip Broz Tito i sudbina jugoslavenskih Nijemaca.” Časopis za suvremenu povijest No. 3 (2008): 801-812 (p. 805)
  11. ^ Geiger, Vladimir. “Josip Broz Tito i sudbina jugoslavenskih Nijemaca.” Časopis za suvremenu povijest No. 3 (2008): 801-812 (p. 806)
  12. ^ The art of truth-telling about authoritarian rule, Ksenija Bilbija,Cynthia E. Milton[page needed]
  13. ^ Andrew Baruch Wachtel, Making a Nation, Breaking a Nation: Literature and Cultural Politics in Yugoslavia. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.[page needed]
  14. ^ Misha Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia. The Third Balkan War. New York: Penguin, 1996[page needed]
  15. ^ The League of Communists of Yugoslavia was the only legal party. Other parties were banned. Read the “CONSTITUTION OF THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA”, adopted by the Federal People's Assembly April 7, 1963, at http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Yugoslavia_1963.doc
  16. ^ Liotta, P.H. (2003). The Uncertain Certainty: Human Security, Environmental Change and the Future Euro-Mediterranean. Lexington Books. p. 33. ISBN 0739105787.
  17. ^ J.B. Kelly (28 May 1995). "Bosnia: A Short History. - book reviews". National Review. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
  18. ^ Anton Scherer, Manfred Straka, Kratka povijest podunavskih Nijemaca/ Abriss zur Geschichte der Donauschwaben (Graz: Leopold Stocker Verlag/ Zagreb: Pan Liber, 1999), esp. p. 131; Georg Wild¬mann, and others, Genocide of the Ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia 1944-1948 (Santa Ana, Calif.: Danube Swabian Association of the USA, 2001), p. 31.
  19. ^ A. Scherer, M. Straka, Kratka povijest podunavskih Nijemaca/ Abriss zur Geschichte der Donauschwaben (1999), pp. 132-140.
  20. ^ such as Raoul Pupo, Roberto Spazzali, Gianni Oliva, Arrigo Petacco, Guido Rumici, Luigi Papo, Giorgio Rustia, Franco Razzi, Giancarlo Marinaldi, Eno Pascoli, Giampaolo Valdevit, Pierluigi Pallante
  21. ^ See Raoul Pupo (Foibe, Bruno Mondadori, Milano 2003; Il lungo esodo. Istria: le persecuzioni, le foibe, l'esilio, Rizzoli, Milano 2005 etc.), Gianni Oliva, (Foibe. Le stragi negate degli italiani della Venezia Giulia e dell'Istria, Mondadori, Milano 2003), Arrigo Petacco, (L'esodo. La tragedia negata degli italiani d'Istria, Dalmazia e Venezia Giulia, Mondadori, Milano 1999), et alia
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP9.HTM
  23. ^ a b http://www.javno.com/en-croatia/rummel--titos-regime-took-million-lives_71942
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