User:Tintero21/Crisis emperors

Chronology of rulers

Main article: List of Roman emperors § Crisis of the Third Century (235–285)

Several emperors who rose to power through acclamation of their troops attempted to create stability by appointing their descendants as Caesar, resulting in several brief dynasties. These generally failed to maintain any form of coherence beyond one generation, although there were exceptions.

Roman Empire (235–285)

  (#) – Usurpers / claimants

  (§) – Junior co-emperors

  (§) – Heir-apparents

Portrait	Name	Approximate reign	Notes
Maximinus dynasty (235–238)
	Maximinus I "Thrax" Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus	March 235 – June 238 (3 years and 3 months)	Born c. 173 in Thracia, hence his nickname. Proclaimed emperor by his troops during a mutiny against Severus Alexander, who was later killed at Mogontiacum, Germania Superior. A man of humble origins, he was hated by the Roman Senate since he never visited Rome. Killed during the Siege of Aquileia against followers of Pupienus and Balbinus.
	Gaius Petronius Magnus	235	A patritian ex-consul; said to have been proclaimed emperor after Alexander's murder. Herodian suggests that the accusations against him were actually fabricated by Maximinus.
	Titus Quartinus	235	Another ex-consul; proclaimed emperor by troops loyal to Alexander. He reigned six months according to the Historia Augusta, but this must be an exageration. Herodian's narrative suggest he was killed rather quickly.
	Maximus Gaius Julius Verus Maximus	January/May 236 – June 238 (caesar under Maximinus I)	Son of Maximinus, born c. 215; incorrectly called "Maximinus" by some sources. Named caesar (heir apparent) by his father, and later killed alongside him.
Gordian dynasty (238–244)
	Gordian I Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus	c. March 238 – April 238 (22 days)	Born c. 158 in Phrygia. Proclaimed emperor in Africa during a revolt against Maximinus, later recognized by the Roman Senate. Retrospectively legitimized by the accession of Gordian III. Committed suicide upon hearing of the death of Gordian II.
	Gordian II Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus	c. March 238 – April 238 (22 days)	Son of Gordian I, born c. 192. Proclaimed alongside father in opposition to Maximinus by the Senate. Killed during the Battle of Carthage, fighting a pro-Maximinus army. The shortest reigning emperor on record.
	Pupienus Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus	c. April 238 – July 238 (99 days)	Born c. 168. Proclaimed joint emperor with Balbinus with after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus. Made regents of the caesar Gordian III. Assassinated by Praetorian Guard.
	Balbinus Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus	c. April 238 – July 238 (99 days)	Born c. 178. Proclaimed joint emperor with Balbinus with after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus. Made regents of the caesar Gordian III. Assassinated by Praetorian Guard.
	Gordian III Marcus Antonius Gordianus	c. August 238 – February 244 (5 years and 6 months)	Grandson of Gordian I, born in Rome on 20 January 222. Proclaimed emperor by supporters of Gordian I and II, then by the Senate; made caesar by Pupienus and Balbinus in May 238. Grandson of Gordian I. Possibly murdered on orders of Philip I
	Marcus Asinius Sabinianus	240	[1]
Philippus dynasty (235–238)
	Philip I "the Arab" Marcus Julius Philippus	c. February 244 – September 249 (5 years and 7 months)
	Philip II "the Younger" Marcus Julius Severus Philippus	c. July 247 – September 249 (co-augustus under Philip I)
	Jotapian Marcus Fulvius Jotapianus	c. 249	"clearly suggests that this ephemeral emperor rejoiced in a "
	Pacatian Tiberius Claudius Marinus Pacatianus	c. 249
	Silbannacus	c. 249 (?)
	Sponsianus	Unknown
	Licinian Julius Valens Licinianus	c. 250
Decian dynasty (235–238)
	Decius Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius	c. September 249 – June 251 (1 year and 9 months)
	Herennius Etruscus Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius	May/June – June 251 (less than a month)
	Hostilian Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus	c. June – c. July 251 (1 month)
Gallan dynasty (251–253)
	Trebonianus Gallus Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus	June 251 – August 253 (3 years and 2 months)
	Volusianus Gaius Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusianus	August 251 – August 253 (co-augustus under Philip I)
	Titus Julius Priscus	c. 251
Non-dynastic (253)
	Aemilianus Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus	c. July – c. September 253 (c. 2 months)
	Silbannacus Mar(ius) Silbannacus	c. September/October 253 (?) (very briefly)
Valerian dynasty (235–268)
	Valerian Publius Licinius Valerianus	c. September 253 – c. June 260 (c. 6 years and 9 months)
	Gallienus Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus	c. September 253 – c. September 268 (15 years)
	Valerian II Publius Licinius Cornelius Valerianus	256–258 (caesar under Valerian and Gallienus)
	Saloninus Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus	Autumn 260 (c. 1 month)
	Ingenuus	c. 260
	Macrianus Major Titus Fulvius Macrianus	c. 261
	Macrianus Minor Titus Fulvius Junius Macrianus	c. 261
	Quietus Titus Fulvius Junius Quietus	c. 261
	Regalianus P(ublius) C(assius) Regalianus	c. 261
	Valens Thessalonicus	c. 261
	Lucius Mussius Aemilianus	c. 261
	Aureolus	c. 268
Claudian dynasty (268–275)
	Claudius II "Gothicus" Marcus Aurelius Claudius	c. September 268 – c. April 270 (c. 1 year and 7 months)
	Quintillus Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus	c. April – May/June 270 (17–77 days)
	Aurelian "Restitutor" Lucius Domitius Aurelianus	c. May 270 – c. October 275 (c. 5 years and 5 months)
	Septimius	271
Tacitus dynasty (275–276)
	Tacitus Marcus Claudius Tacitus	c. December 275 – c. June 276 (c. 7 months)
	Florianus Marcus Annius Florianus	c. June – September 276 (80–88 days)
Non dynastic (276–282)
	Probus Marcus Aurelius Probus	c. June 276 – c. September 282 (c. 6 years and 3 months)
	Bonosus	280
	Procolus	280
	Julius Saturninus	280
Caran dynastic (276–282)
	Carus Marcus Aurelius Carus	c. September 282 – c. July 283 (c. 10 months)
	Numerian Marcus Aurelius Numerianus	c. July 283 – November 284 (1 year and 3/4 months)
	Carinus Marcus Aurelius Carinus	Spring 283 – July 285 (2 years)

Gallic Empire (260–274)

Portrait	Name
	Postumus Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus
	Laelian Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus
	Marius Marcus Aurelius Marius
	Victorinus Marcus Piavonius Victorinus
	Domitian II Domitianus
	Tetricus I Gaius Esuvius Tetricus
	Tetricus II Gaius Esuvius Tetricus

Palmyrene Empire (270–273)

Portrait	Name
	Septimius Vaballathus
	Septimia Zenobia

Britannic Empire (286–296)

Portrait	Name
	Carausius
	Allectus

• Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A. (2014). "Emperors". Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 27–37. ISBN 9780816074822.
• Craven, Maxwell (2019). The Imperial Families of Ancient Rome. Fonthill Media. ISBN 978-1781557389.
• Jones, A. H. M.; Martindale, J. R.; Morris, John, eds. (1971–1992). Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Cambridge University Press. (see PLRE)
• Kienast, Dietmar; Werner Eck & Matthäus Heil (2017) [1990]. Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie [Roman imperial table: Basics of the Roman imperial chronology] (in German) (6th ed.). Darmstadt: WBG. ISBN 978-3-534-26724-8.
• Feiller, Albert (1976). "Nouvelle note sur la chronologie du règne de Jean Cantacuzène" [New note on the chronology of the reign of John Kantakouzenos]. Études byzantines. 34: 119–124. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1976.2046.
• Peachin, Michael (1990). Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235–284. Amsterdam: Gieben. ISBN 90-5063-034-0.