User:Yerevantsi/sandbox/Hayer

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Armenians
Total population
8 million[1][2][3]
Regions with significant populations
Armenian population by country
 Armenia2,961,514[4]
 Russia1,182,388—2,500,000[5][6][7]
 United States483,366—1,500,000[8][9]
 France250,000—750,000[7][10]
 Georgia[A]248,929[11]
 Nagorno Karabakh[B]137,380[12]
 Iran70,000—180,000
 Lebanon70,000—100,000
 Ukraine100,000[13]
 Turkey[C]50,000—80,000[14]
Languages
Armenian
Religion
† Christianity
predominantly Armenian Apostolic Church
Catholic and Protestant minorities

Armenians (Armenian: հայեր, hayer [hɑˈjɛɾ])[D] are an ethnic group native to the Armenian Highlands. Their number is estimated at around 8 million, of which over 3 million live in the Republic of Armenia and the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, while the rest are scattered around the world forming the Armenian diaspora.

Armenians were formed as a distinct group by the sixth century BC as a result of various demographic processes that took place since the second millennium BC. The ancient Kingdom of Armenia reached its greatest extent under Tigranes the Great in the first century BC. In 301 AD, Armenia became the first country in the world to officially adopt Christianity as its national religion, thus becoming "the first Christian nation."[20][21] The last Armenian kingdom, Cilician Armenia, on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea fell in the 14th century. By the 19th century, the Armenian homeland was divided between the Ottoman and Russian empires. During World War I, the Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated in the Armenian Genocide. The Armenian presence in a large part of their homeland thus largely terminated.

The Armenian language is a separate branch of the Indo-European languages. It is written in the Armenian alphabet, invented by Mesrop Mashtots in 405 AD to prevent the assimilation of the Armenian people. The modern Armenian language has two standardized forms: Eastern Armenian, which is the official language of the Republic of Armenia and the Western Armenia, spoken in Western Armenia (eastern Turkey) prior to the genocide of 1915 and today mostly in the diaspora. Most Armenians today are adherents of the independent Monophysite Oriental Orthodox Armenian Apostolic Church (simply called the "Armenian Church"). Since the 18th century, small number of Armenians have been followers of Armenian Catholic and Armenian Evangelical churches. Armenians are often considered an ethnoreligious group as adherence of the Armenian Apostolic Church has historically been equated to being Armenian. Their uniqueness in religion and language are important basis of the Armenian collective self-identity.[22]

Etymology[edit]

Hayk by Mkrtum Hovnatanian (1779–1846)

The name Armenia is first mentioned in the Behistun Inscription of Darius I (c. 518 BC).[23] Its etymology of the word Armenia is disputed.

  • The most convincing explanation of the Armenians name for themselves, Hayk, is that it derives linguistically from Urartian Khatini, meaning Hittite. Its use perhaps reflects the mingling of Armenians and Urartians, by whom the Armenians were outnumbered. Hittite was used by both the Assyrians and the Urartians for the several Syro-Hittite states which succeeded the Hittite empire.[24]

Endonym[edit]

History[edit]

Descent of Noah from Ararat by Ivan Aivazovsky (1889)[25]

described by Anthony D. Smith as an "archetypal diaspora people".[26][27]

  • Guibernau, Montserrat; Hutchinson, John, eds. (2004). History and National Destiny: Ethnosymbolism and its Critics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-2391-4.
  • Smith, Anthony D. (1999). Myths and Memories of the Nation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-829534-1.

Myth of origin[edit]

The Armenian origin myth is closely related to the Biblical flood narrative.[28] Genesis 8:4 describes the landing of Noah's Ark on "the mountains of Ararat" in Armenia.[29][E] In his History of Armenia, the father of Armenian history Movses Khorenatsi writes that Armenians are direct descendants of Noah.[31] According to the story, Hayk, the legendary founding father and the name giver of the Armenian people is the son of Torgom, the great-grandson of Japheth, one of Noah's sons.[32][33]

In the story, Hayk is portrayed as a "righteous man" who revolted against the "evil" Assyrian king Bel and later fled from Babylon to the area around Mount Ararat with his clan. When Bel chased him down to Armenia, Hayk defeated and killed him. Hayk founded the Armenian nation around Mount Ararat.[31] According to Mikayel Chamchian, the battle between Hayk and Bel, which is considered the formation date of the Armenian nation, took place in 2492 BC.[34]

Ethnogenesis[edit]

A carving of an Armenian at Persepolis, the capital of the Achaemenid Empire (now Iran), 6th century BC.[35][36]

In the Bronze Age, several states flourished in the Armenian Highlands, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1600-1200 BC). Soon after Hayasa-Azzi were Nairi (1400-1000 BC) and the Kingdom of Urartu (900-600 BC), who successively established their sovereignty over the region. Each of these nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people.[37][38] The proto-Armenian speaking people of probable Thraco-Phrygian origin appeared in the Armenian Highlands in the 12th century BC.[39] There, the small numbered[40] proto-Armenians and the dominant Hurrian elements mixed.[41][42] Through intermarriage and other means the "long period of bilingualism" ended and they "merged into one Indo-European speaking, Armenian nation."[40][43] It is widely believed that Armenians were formed as a distinct group by the 6th century BC.[44][45][46][47] Many aspects of the processes that led to the formation of the Armenian people remain uncertain and a matter of dispute by historians.[41]

In the 1980s, historians Tamaz Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Ivanov proposed a minority view that the Indo-European homeland may have been located in the Armenian Highlands.[41]

Antiquity[edit]

Armenia under Tigranes the Great reign, 80 BC

Herodotus

The political establishment of the Armenian people stem from the kingdom of Urartu.

Strabo 11.14.5 http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/strabo11d.htm

Armenia became a client state of Rome until mid-1st century AD, when the Arsacid dynasty came to power.

301 or 314[48] [F] [50]

Armenia was partitioned between the Sasanian Empire and the Byzantine Empire in 387.

The baptism of Tiridates III of Armenia by Gregory the Illuminator by Francesco Zugno (1708–1787)

"Tigran the Great is the only king to have his image imprinted on an Armenian banknote."[49]

Middle Ages[edit]

Modern[edit]

During and following the Armenian Genocide, an estimated 100,000 to 200,000 Armenian women and children were forcibly converted to Islam or forced into slavery and raised as Turks and Kurds.[51][52] See Crypto-Armenians

Soviet era

Different ethnic groups were consigned, de facto if not de jure, positions within the Soviet Union. Hierarchy, Russians other Slavs. After them came people with whom the Russians had an ambiguous relationship - Christian Caucasian peoples such as Georgians and Armenians. Jews also fitted into this category. These three groups were well represented in the St. Petersburg and Moscow intelegentsias, playing an active part in many, if not all, parts of Soviet life. They were also in part mistrusted. Not only did all three possess cultures older than Russia's, they also enjoyed a tradition of trade, and therefore freedom, lacking in the culture of both the Russian empire and the Soviet Union.[53]

Geographic distribution[edit]

The distribution of Armenians in early 17th century[54]
  majority              significant presence
Map of the Armenian diaspora

Homeland[edit]

The Armenian Highlands is the traditional homeland of the Armenian people.[55][56][57][58] Armenians made up its main ethnic group until the early modern period (16-17th centuries). As a result of the Armenian Genocide, no Armenians live in the western parts of the highlands, which are now part of the Turkish Republic.

Today, Armenians form the majority of the population of the Republic of Armenia (around 3 million), Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (approximately 140,000) and Samtskhe-Javakheti province of neighboring Georgia (over 100,000). Up to 1930s, Armenians used to be the second largest ethnic group in Nakhichevan, however, most Armenians in Nakhichevan were massacred or expelled from their homes during the Ottoman and Azerbaijani control of the area in 1918-1920.

Armenians living in the Republic of Armenia are informally known as hayastantsi/-ci (հայաստանցի).[59][60][61] It is also used for Armenian-born Armenians (temporarily) living abroad.[62] Furthermore, there are names for people from locations such as provinces or cities: loretsi (լոռեցի) for Lori Province, kyavartsi (քյավառցի) for Gavar, yerevantsi (երևանցի) for Yerevan, etc. Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh are known as gharabaghtsi (ղարաբաղցի) or artsakhtsi (արցախցի) and Armenians of Javakheti region of Georgia are called javakhk'tsi (ջավախքցի). Today, these three groups of Armenians are considered to be living in their ancestral homeland.[63]

Officially, there are no Armenians living in eastern parts of Turkey, however, two groups of Armenian origin still reside there: Crypto-Armenians and Hemshin peoples.

Diaspora[edit]

Main article: Armenian diaspora

Small Armenian trading communities have existed outside of Armenia for centuries. For example, a community has existed for over a millennium in the Holy Land, and one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem has been called the Armenian Quarter.[64] There are also remnants of formerly populous communities in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt.[citation needed]

However, most Armenians have scattered throughout the world as a direct consequence of the genocide of 1915, constituting the Armenian diaspora. Armenian communities in and around the Georgian capital city of Tbilisi, in Syria and in Iran existed since antiquity.

Within the diasporan Armenian community, there is an unofficial classification of the different kinds of Armenians. For example, Armenians who originate from Iran are referred to as Parskahay (պարսկահայ), while Armenians from Lebanon are usually referred to as Lipananahay (լիբանանահայ). Armenians of the Diaspora are the primary speakers of the Western dialect of the Armenian language. This dialect has considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other. Eastern Armenian in the diaspora is primarily spoken in Iran and European countries such as Ukraine, Russia, and Georgia. In diverse communities (such as in Canada and the U.S.) where many different kinds of Armenians live together, there is a tendency for the different groups to cluster together.

  • Hovyan, Vahram. "Transformations of the Armenian Diaspora: Challenges and Possibilities". Noravank Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013. "In consequence of the Genocide the Armenian communities were established in the Middle and Near East countries – Syria, Lebanon, Iran, Egypt, etc. The groups of Armenians who managed to escape from the Genocide also settled in the European countries – Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, France, and other European countries, as well as in the United States, Canada, etc. As a result, however, the migration of the Armenians from the Middle and Near East countries towards the West – Europe, U.S., Canada and other developed western European countries had been observed. This is proved by the continuous shrinkage of the number of the people in the Armenian communities in the Middle and Near East countries against the background of the continuous growth of the Armenian communities in the western countries."
diaspora types

http://books.google.com/books?id=Ufv6bB36o1YC&pg=PA24&dq=armenian+inner+diaspora++russia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dncNUbLgH8LJ0QG864CoDg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=armenian%20inner%20diaspora%20%20russia&f=false

Culture[edit]

Main article: Culture of Armenia


  • "Until the conversion of the Armenians to Christianity, with its Byzantine and Syrian cultural and political links, Armenia was to remain in the Iranian cultural orbit almost exclusively."[65]
  • Armenians worldwide have achieved success in fields such as sports (especially chess, wrestling and boxing), the arts, business, science, politics and military.[66]

Identity[edit]

Language[edit]

A 5th century Armenian manuscript
Urbatagirk, 1512
Main article: Armenian language

Music[edit]

Main article: Music of Armenia
  • "Music is very important to Armenians."[68]

Architecture[edit]

Cathedral of Ani
Main article: Armenian architecture


Religion[edit]

Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the mother church of Armenia, is considered the oldest cathedral in the world.[74]

ethnoreligious [75]

San Lazzaro degli Armeni, Venice, Italy

Science[edit]

inventors


find sources/check

Symbols[edit]

Costumes[edit]

http://tarazupar.am/armenian-male-costumes/

  • Armenians from Vank, Karabakh
    Armenians from Vank, Karabakh

Names[edit]

Main article: Armenian name

Society[edit]

The Armenian society is mainly monoethnic.[95] It "tends to be a collective society with strong traditions",[L] in which "relational aspects of family are very important."[97] "A history replete with war, invasion, massacre, genocide, and natural disaster shaped the Armenian family into a basic unit for viability and self-preservation."[98]

According to Simon Payaslian, the Armenian society is "dominated by notions of family honor [known as namus] and social shame,[99] and where one does not 'air dirty laundry in public'."[100] The Armenian society has been compared to that of Japan due to its monoethnicity,[101] low rate of mixed marriages and "powerful social pressure towards conformity".[102] In addition, "understanding and accepting diversity is still a great challenge" for the Armenian society.[95]

According to the Heinrich Böll Foundation, "the conservatism [of the Armenian society] results not only from the legacy of the Soviet Union. Even more significant [is that the] Armenian society perceives a sense of permanent threat to its own language, religion, culture and ethnos, as they existed during centuries of foreign rule. In addition plays the ubiquitous and continually revived trauma" of the Armenian Genocide.[103] Overall, the genocide is seen as a "one of the most important factors determining Armenian society today."[104] Historian and political scientist Armen Ayvazyan identifies the impact of the genocide as "indelible" and an event "which hampered the natural development" of the Armenian people.[105]

The Armenian society is usually described as a pessimistic one. Payaslian suggests that the Armenian worldview is "essentially pessimistic."[106] The pessimism is also demonstrated in Armenian proverbs.[107] Furthermore, the political turmoil and economic hardships of the late 1980s and the 1990s caused widespread depression, pessimism, cynicism and apathy that have dominated the social and political climate in Armenia since.[108] Ethnographer Hranush Kharatyan suggests that apathy and nihilism dominate the Armenian society.[109] A 2013 survey by Gallup found that only 55% of Armenians reported positive emotions, one of the lowest in the world, though comparable to its neighbors and former Eastern Bloc countries.[110] In a 2013 press conference, President Serzh Sargsyan famously[M] stated that Armenia's "greatest problem is the lukewarm attitude [that exists in the Armenian society]."[114] Beginning in 2007 and expanding in the early 2010s, civil activism emerged in Armenia.[115] The 2008 Armenian presidential election protests that resulted in the death of 10 people especially contributed to this phenomenon.[116]


The World Values Survey describes the Armenian society as having

http://crrc-caucasus.blogspot.com/2012/12/comparing-societal-values-in-south.html


  • The majority of Armenians believe that government should be "like a parent" as opposed to being "like an employee" (77% vs 23%),[117] and that state ownership of business should be increased as opposed to the increase of private ownership of business (60% vs 14%).[118]


  • A recent study have shown that the Armenian youth "appear to be moving toward a bi-cultural identity, not abandoning traditions, but also embracing Western popular culture and values to a greater or lesser degree."[97]
  • "Men's premarital sexual life was always common and acceptable in Armenia."[119]

http://www.academia.edu/2316999/RED_APPLE_TRADITION_CONTEMPORARY_INTERPRETATIONS_AND_OBSERVANCE

  • For females, premarital sex is widely considered a taboo. "In post-Soviet comparison, Armenia constitutes an intermediate case between countries with liberal sexual practices, such as Russia, and Central Asian societies, where traditional norms of sexual behavior and community control are still in force."[120] However, the findings of a 2009 study indicate "either on trend to gradual removal of social taboo on female premarital sexual relationships or on speaking more openly about sexuality-related issues."[119]
  • There is a high level of importance given to religion in daily activities (56% in 2011), but 88% of respondents never fasted. This, combined with their low level of church attendance show that in fact Armenian society has a low level of religiousness. [1]

Physical appearance[edit]

Physically the Armenians are middle-sized, with a swarthy, yellowish complexion, less yellow, however, than that of the Persians [...] black straight hair, a forehead rather wide than high, and a large nose. The women are often handsome, with an erect carriage, regular features, and fine dark eyes. [121]

Timeline[edit]

Some key historical events have also been included for context, but this timeline is not intended to cover history not related to migrations.

sources[edit]

ru:Этногенез армян

Historically, the name Armenian has come to internationally designate this group of people. It was first used by neighbouring countries of ancient Armenia. The earliest attestations of the exonym Armenia date around the 6th century BC. In his trilingual Behistun Inscription dated to 517 BC, Darius I the Great of Persia refers to Urashtu (in Babylonian) as Armina (in Old Persian) and Harminuya (in Elamite). In Greek, Αρμένιοι "Armenians" is attested from about the same time, perhaps the earliest reference being a fragment attributed to Hecataeus of Miletus (476 BC).[131]

Armenians call themselves Hye (Հայ, pronounced Háï; plural: Հայեր, Haïer). The word has traditionally been linked to the name of the legendary founder of the Armenian nation, Hayk, which is also a popular Armenian name.[132][133] It is also further postulated that the name Hay comes from the name of an Armenian tribe, the Hayasa.

A minority view also suggests that the Indo-European homeland may have been located in the Armenian Highlands.[134]


References[edit]

Notes
  1. ^ Excluding the two breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
  2. ^ The Nagorno Karabakh Republic is de facto independent and largely integrated into Armenia, however, it remains internationally unrecognized and de jure part of Azerbaijan.
  3. ^ The data for Turkey includes only "official" Armenians who are in some way part of the organized Armenian community, mostly living in Istanbul. It excludes Crypto-Armenians and Hemshin people, whose Armenian identity is debated.
  4. ^ Singular masculine: հայ hay or hye (pronounced "high"),[15][16] singular feminine: հայուհի hayuhi. Historically, the word հայք hayk' has been used to refer to both the Armenian people and Armenia.[17] Other terms used in Armenian include հայ ազգ hay azg "Armenian nation", հայ ժողովուրդ hay zhoghovurd "Armenian people" and հայություն hayutyun meaning "Armenians"[18] or "Armenianness".[19]
  5. ^ Although it is widely accepted that Noah's Ark landed on Mount Ararat, Vahan Kurkjian suggests that the assumption that "mountains of Ararat" is the same as the Mount Ararat comes from the "erroneous reading" of the Book of Genesis. According to him, the Hebrew word "Ararat" is the name "not of the mountain but of the country around it." He concludes that the "mountains of Ararat" "may mean any part of the tangled mountain mass" of Armenia.[30]
  6. ^ "The traditional date given by Armenians for the conversion is 301, but the more probable date now accepted by a growing number of historians is after Emperor Constantine's Edict of Milan in 313 when Christianity was legalised in the Roman empire."[49]
  7. ^ Pomegranate is a popular ornament in Armenian architecture. It is widely used in arts and crafts and also symbolizes fertility.[69][70]
  8. ^ Grape ornaments can be found in a number of Armenian churches,[71] such as in Zvartnots Cathedral and Holy Cross Cathedral of Aghtamar.[72] A bunch of grapes appear on the emblem of Soviet Armenia, designed by Martiros Saryan.[73]
  9. ^ A great number of historic sites (including many of Armenia's former capitals) are concentrated along the banks of Araxes,[85] which Armenians often call their "mother river."[86][87]
  10. ^ Khachkar was included in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity list in 2010.[88][89]
  11. ^ Apricot is Armenia's "national symbol, the number one fruit."[92] Its scientific (Latin) name is Prunus armeniaca or "Armenian plum."[93] The Yerevan International Film Festival is called "Golden Apricot."[94]
  12. ^ According to a 2013 Caucasus Barometer survey, 85% of respondents in Armenia said following traditions is important for a good citizen, and 4% saying it is not.[96]
  13. ^ The phrase "lukewarm attitude" (alternatively translated as "lukewarm atmosphere", Armenian: գաղջ մթնոլորտ) was widely commented on by Armenian politicians and pundits and became a catchphrase frequently used by the media.[111] Among others, some of Sargsyan's long-time political opponents publicly agreed with it.[112][113]
Citations
  1. ^ Von Voss, Huberta (2007). Portraits of Hope: Armenians in the Contemporary World. New York: Berghahn Books. p. xxv. ISBN 9781845452575.
  2. ^ Freedman, Jeri (2008). The Armenian genocide. New York: Rosen Publishing Group. p. 52. ISBN 9781404218253.
  3. ^ Guntram H. Herb, David H. Kaplan (2008). Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview: A Global Historical Overview. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 1705. ISBN 9781851099085.
  4. ^ "De Jure Population (Urban, Rural) by Age and Ethnicity (2011 Census)" (PDF). National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  5. ^ (in Russian) "National makeup of the population of the Russian Federation (Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации)". Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  6. ^ "В России проживает более 2,5 млн армян" [2,5 million Armenians live in Russia] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 16 December 2002. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  7. ^ a b Thon, Caroline (2012). Armenians in Hamburg: an ethnographic exploration into the relationship between diaspora and success. Berlin: LIT Verlag Münster. p. 25. ISBN 978-3-643-90226-9.
  8. ^ "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  9. ^
  10. ^ Taylor, Tony (2008). Denial: history betrayed. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Pub. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-522-85482-4.
  11. ^ "The State Department for Statistics of Georgia".[dead link], see The State Department for Statistics of Georgia at the Wayback Machine (archived June 16, 2006)
  12. ^ National Statistical Service of Nagorno-Karabach Republic. "De Jure Population (Urban, Rural) by Age and Ethnicity" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  13. ^ The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue, Kiev: State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, 2001, retrieved 5 January 2013
  14. ^ "Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey". Today's Zaman. 15 December 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  15. ^ Kurkjian 2008, p. 19.
  16. ^ Knippling, Alpana Sharma, ed. (1996). New Immigrant Literatures in the United States: A Sourcebook to Our Multicultural Literary Heritage. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780313289682.
  17. ^ Avetisyan, Kamsar [in Armenian] (1979). Հայրենագիտական էտյուդներ [Armenian studies sketches] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Sovetakan Grogh. p. 262. Այսպիսով «հայք» բառը իր մեջ ամփոփում է հայեր և Հայաստան հասկացությունները։
  18. ^ Shirinian, Lorne (1990). Armenian-North American literature: a critical introduction: genocide, diaspora, and symbols. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. p. 60. ISBN 9780889463929. ..."haiutiun" means the Armenians...
  19. ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor. "Constructing Primordialism: Old Histories for New Nations" (PDF). University of Chicago. p. 37. Haiutiun (Armenianness)...
  20. ^ Stringer, Martin D. (2005). A Sociological History of Christian Worship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 92. ISBN 0521819555.
  21. ^ "Armenia Facts". National Geographic. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  22. ^ Croissant, Michael P. (1998). The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 4. ISBN 9780275962418.
  23. ^ Russell 1997, p. 19.
  24. ^ Redgate 2000, p. 24.
  25. ^ "Նոյն իջնում է Արարատից (1889) [Descent of Noah from Ararat (1889)]" (in Armenian). National Gallery of Armenia. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  26. ^ Guibernau & Hutchinson 2004, p. 23: "Indeed, Smith emphasizes that the myth of divine election sustains the continuity of cultural identity, and, in that regard, has enabled certain pre-modern communities such as the Jews, Armenians, and Greeks to survive and persist over centuries and millennia (Smith 1993: 15–20)."
  27. ^ Smith 1999, p. 21: "It emphasizes the role of myths, memories and symbols of ethnic chosenness, trauma, and the 'golden age' of saints, sages, and heroes in the rise of modern nationalism among the Jews, Armenians, and Greeks—the archetypal diaspora peoples."
  28. ^ Sennott, Charles M. (2008). The Body and the Blood: The Middle East's Vanishing Christians and the Possibility for Peace. PublicAffairs. p. 50. ISBN 9780786724642.
  29. ^ Parallel Bible. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. 2008. p. 12. ISBN 9781598562965.
  30. ^ Kurkjian 2008, p. 4.
  31. ^ a b Panossian 2006, p. 51.
  32. ^ Leeming, David (2006). The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780195156690.
  33. ^ Suny 1993, p. 7.
  34. ^ Panossian 2006, p. 106.
  35. ^ "M.St. in Classical Armenian Studies (1 year, by examination)". University of Oxford Faculty of Oriental Studies. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  36. ^ Lendering, Jona. "Persepolis: Apadana, East Stairs". Livius.org. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  37. ^ Diakonoff 1968, p. 130.
  38. ^ Redgate 2000, p. 13.
  39. ^ Diakonoff 1968, p. 119.
  40. ^ a b Hewsen, p. 29.
  41. ^ a b c Hewsen, p. 24.
  42. ^ Diakonoff, Igor M. (1999). The Paths of History. Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780521643986.
  43. ^ Russell 1997, p. 32.
  44. ^ Panossian 2006, p. 33: "The date accepted by mainstream historians for the existence of a distinct Armenian collective is the sixth century BC...
  45. ^ Suny 1995, p. 9.
  46. ^ Geukjian, Ohannes (2012). Ethnicity, nationalism and conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the legacy of Soviet nationalities policy. Farnham, United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 9781409436300. This process, which began in the twelfth century BC in the Armenian highland, was completed in the sixth century BC.
  47. ^ Minahan 1998, p. 5.
  48. ^ Payaslian 2007, p. 35.
  49. ^ a b Panossian 2006, p. 42.
  50. ^ Hastings, Adrian; Mason, Alistair; Pyper, Hugh, ed. (2000). The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought. Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780198600244.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  51. ^ Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah (2010). Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity. New York: Public Affairs. p. 38. ISBN 9781586489007.
  52. ^ Naimark, Norman M. (2002). Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-century Europe. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780674009943.
  53. ^ Seely, Robert (2001). Russo-Chechen Conflict, 1800-2000: A Deadly Embrace. London: Frank Cass. p. 13. ISBN 9780714649924.
  54. ^ State Committee of the Real Estate Cadastre of the Republic of Armenia (2007). Հայաստանի Ազգային Ատլաս (National Atlas of Armenia), Yerevan: Center of Geodesy and Cartography SNPO, p. 102
  55. ^ Minahan 2000, p. 51: "The Armenian Homeland: The historic Armenian homeland lies in the Transacuacsus region of Southeastern Europe and the northwestern part of Anatolia."
  56. ^ Adalian 2010, p. 143: "In the process, the population of historic Armenia at the eastern extremity of Anatolia was wiped off the map. With their disappearance, an ancient people which had inhabited the Armenian highlands for three thousand years, lost its historic homeland and was forced into exile and a new diaspora."
  57. ^ Payaslian 2007, p. 4: "The Armenian Plateau [...] is historic Armenia, the homeland of Armenian civilization for three millennia."
  58. ^ Herzig & Kurkchiyan 2005, p. 89: "...Armenians lived everywhere from Constantinople to Baku, with most of them still ihabiting their traditional homelands, known as the Armenian Plateau..."
  59. ^ "hayastanci". Urban Dictionary. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  60. ^ Wilson, Andrew (2005). Virtual Politics: Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World (1st ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 143. ISBN 9780300095456.
  61. ^ Arzumanian, Ara (21 September 2010). "Who Knew? The Lost Kids of Armenian America, Part 4". Ararat Magazine. Armenian General Benevolent Union. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  62. ^ "Results of the first session of the scientific workshop on "Preservation of Features of Armenian Identity in Mixed Marriages" were summed up". Republic of Armenia Ministry of Diaspora. 25 April 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  63. ^ Ishkhanyan, Vahan (1 November 2004). "Javakhk: The "Third" Armenia". Armenian General Benevolent Union. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  64. ^ "Armenian Quarter in Jerusalem". Archived from the original on 7 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-27.
  65. ^ Russell 1997, p. 34.
  66. ^ Weekly Staff (25 November 2013). "Armenians in the Supply Chain". Armenian Weekly. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  67. ^ "Armenia and Iran iv. Iranian Influences in Armenian Language". Encyclopædia Iranica. 15 December 1986. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  68. ^ Kaeter, Margaret (2004). The Caucasian Republics. New York: Facts On File. p. 56. ISBN 9780816052684.
  69. ^ Petrosian & Underwood 2006, p. 138.
  70. ^ Kuriakose, Smita, ed. (2013). Fostering Entrepreneurship in Armenia. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications. p. 31. ISBN 9781464800641.
  71. ^ Adalian 2010, p. 75.
  72. ^ "Aght'amar: The Church of Holy Cross". VirtualAni. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  73. ^ Petrosian & Underwood 2006, p. 137.
  74. ^ Stokes, Jamie, ed. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 9781438126760. Etchmiatzin is located in the west of modern Armenia, close to the border with Turkey, and its fourth-century cathedral is generally regarded as the oldest in the world.
  75. ^ Papazian, Dennis R. (2013). "Armenians and Armenian Americans, 1870-1940". In Barkan, Elliott Robert (ed.). Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 206. ISBN 9781598842197. Armenians are fundamentally an ethno-religious people.
  76. ^ "Inventor of the Week Archive". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. August 2003. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  77. ^ Gilpin, Kenneth N. (2 November 1997). "Luther Simjian Is Dead at 92; Held More Than 200 Patents". new York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  78. ^ "Michel Ter-Pogossian (1925-1996)". London: Science Museum. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  79. ^ Koukourakis, G.; Maravelis, G.; Koukouraki, S.; Padelakos, P.; Kouloulias, V. (2009). "Overview of positron emission tomography chemistry: clinical and technical considerations and combination with computed tomography". Journal of B.u.on. : Official Journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology. 14 (4). US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health: 575–580. PMID 20148445. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  80. ^ "Michel M. Ter-Pogossian, 71; Led Research on PET Scanner". New York Times. 21 June 1996. Retrieved 7 October 2013. Dr. Michel Mathew Ter-Pogossian, who led the research that turned the positron emission tomography (PET) scanner from an intriguing concept to a medical tool used in hospitals and laboratories everywhere, died on Wednesday while vacationing in Paris.
  81. ^ "Concrete Mixing and Transporting Vehicle" (PDF). FreePatentsOnline. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  82. ^ "Hair Drier" (PDF). Google Patents. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  83. ^ "Man's Breath Runs Typewriter". Life Magazine. 33 (22): 77. Dec. 1, 1952. Retrieved 27 February 2013. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  84. ^ https://www.google.com/patents/US4476864
  85. ^ Adalian 2010, p. 88.
  86. ^ Baliozian, Ara (1979). Armenia observed. New York: Ararat Press. p. xvii. ISBN 9780933706101.
  87. ^ Arax, Mark (2009). West of the west: dreamers, believers, builders, and killers in the golden state. New York: Public Affairs. p. 380. ISBN 978-1-58648-983-0.
  88. ^ "Armenian cross-stones art. Symbolism and craftsmanship of Khachkars". UNESCO. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  89. ^ Abrahamian, Levon (2001). Armenian Folk Arts, Culture, and Identity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 60. ISBN 9780253337047. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  90. ^ "Course on Armenian duduk" (PDF). UNESCO. November 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  91. ^ O Nidel, Richard (2004). World Music: The Basics. Hoboken: Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 9780203997710.
  92. ^ Petrosian & Underwood 2006, p. 132.
  93. ^ "Prunus armeniaca L. apricot". United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  94. ^ "History". Golden Apricot International Film Festival Website. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  95. ^ a b Palandjian, Garine (February 2013). "Educating Peace: A Case Study of Peace Education Curricula in Armenia" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: International Research & Exchanges Board. p. 4. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  96. ^ "Caucasus Barometer 2013 regional dataset ICITTRAD". Tbilisi: Caucasus Barometer. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  97. ^ a b Huntsinger, Carol (25 October 2013). "Armenian Adolescents and Globalization". Ann Arbor, Michigan: Society for Research on Adolescence. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014.
  98. ^ Ishkanian, Armine (2008). Democracy Building and Civil Society in Post-Soviet Armenia. Routledge. p. 91. ISBN 9781134076765.
  99. ^ Garbis, Christian (8 December 2013). "Armenia's "Amot eh" Complex - Living in Shame". Hetq Online. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014.
  100. ^ Payaslian 2011, p. 228.
  101. ^ Maruko, Mami (20 November 2012). "Envoy acts as bridge between Japan, Armenia". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014.
  102. ^ Gadarigian, Hrant (15 March 2010). "Takayuki Yoshimura: "Armenian society slowly opening up, just like Japan"". Hetq Online. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014.
  103. ^ Stöber, Silvia (11 July 2013). "Armenia: A Closed Society". Berlin: Heinrich Böll Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014.
  104. ^ Cornell, Svante (2005). Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus. Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 9781135796693.
  105. ^ Ayvazyan, Armen (24 April 2002). "Strategic Consequences of Armenian Genocide" (PDF). Azg Daily.
  106. ^ Payaslian 2011, p. 41.
  107. ^ Hagopian, Gayané V. (2008). "Armenian Proverbs and the Biblical Scripture" (PDF). California State University, Northridge. p. 29. Although several ideological adages parallel to the optimistic mentality 'don't worry about tomorrow' of the New Testament (see below), pessimism about the future, along with a sad present at hand is more common in Armenian proverbs.
  108. ^ Herzig & Kurkchiyan 2005, p. 17.
  109. ^ "Ethnographer says nihilism, apathy dominate Armenian society". PanARMENIAN.Net. 27 June 2012. Archived from the original on 13 June 2014.
  110. ^ Clifton, Jon (21 May 2014). "People Worldwide Are Reporting a Lot of Positive Emotions". Gallup. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014.
  111. ^ "Ո՞վ է մեղավոր գաղջ մթնոլորտի համար. քննարկում [Debate: Who is to blame for the lukewarm attitude?]". CivilNet (in Armenian). 29 March 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  112. ^ "Ռուբեն Հակոբյանը համաձայն է, որ գաղջ մթնոլորտ է [Ruben Hakobyan agrees there is a lukewarm atmosphere]" (in Armenian). A1plus. 14 November 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  113. ^ "Իսկապես երկրում գաղջ մթնոլորտ է. Ստեփան Դեմիրճյան [Stepan Demirchyan: Indeed, there is a lukewarm atmosphere in the country]". news.am. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  114. ^ "President Serzh Sargsyan met with the representatives of the mass media". Wesbite of the President of the Republic of Armenia. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  115. ^ Ishkhanian, Armine (2013). "Civil Society, development and environmental activism in Armenia" (PDF). Yerevan: London School of Economics. p. 5. Until recently, Armenia, similar to many other post-socialist countries, has had a rather weak civil society characterised by high level of anomie, apathy and cynicism. Civil initiatives, which began to emerge in 2007 and expanded in larger numbers in 2010-2011, have achieved important, albeit small victories on diverse set of issues...
  116. ^ Beglaryan, A. (2013). "Քաղաքացիական հասարակության զարգացման գործընթացը Հայաստանում [The Process of Development of Civil Society in Armenia]". Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian) (1). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences: 125. ISSN 0320-8117.
  117. ^ "Caucasus Barometer 2013 regional dataset GOVTROL". Tbilisi: Caucasus Barometer. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  118. ^ "Caucasus Barometer 2013 regional dataset OWNRSHP". Tbilisi: Caucasus Barometer. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  119. ^ a b Khachikyan, Mary (2009). "Sexual and Reproductive Health of Young People in Armenia: Results of the countrywide survey and case studies" (PDF). Yerevan: “For Family and Health” Pan-Armenian Association; United Nations Population Fund. p. 71. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  120. ^ Temkina, Anna (2010). "Premarital Virginity: The Cultural Code of the Gender Order in Contemporary Armenia (The Case of Yerevan). Summary". Saint Petersburg: Laboratorium: Russian Review of Social Research. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014.
  121. ^ Bryce, James (1878). Transcaucasia and Ararat: Being Notes of a Vacation Tour in Autumn of 1876 (3rd ed.). London: Macmillan and Co. p. 31.
  122. ^ Donal Stewart, Angus (2001). The Armenian Kingdom and the Mamluks: War and Diplomacy During the Reigns of Het'um II (1289–1307). Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-90-04-12292-5.
  123. ^ Ghazarian, Jacob G. (2000). The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393). Routledge. pp. 39–42. ISBN 0-7007-1418-9.
  124. ^ Dickran Kouymjian, "Armenia from the Fall of the Cilician Kingdom (1375) to the Forced Emigration under Shah Abbas (1604)," The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Richard Hovannisian, editor (New York: St. Martin Press, 1997), vol. 2, pp. 1-50.
  125. ^ Agop Jack Hacikyan, Gabriel Basmajian, Edward S. Franchuk, Nourhan Ouzounian (2005). The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From The Eighteenth Century To Modern Times. Detroit: Wayne State Univ Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 9780814332214.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  126. ^ Gervers, Michael (1990). Conversion and Continuity: Indigenous Christian Communities in Islamic Lands Eighth to Eighteenth Centuries. Toronto: Pontifical Inst. of Mediaeval Studies. p. 230. ISBN 9780888448095. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  127. ^ Krüger, Heiko (2010). The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Legal Analysis. Berlin: Springer. p. 8. ISBN 9783642143939.
  128. ^ Walker, Christopher J. (1980). Armenia The Survival of a Nation. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 355–356. ISBN 0-7099-0210-7.
  129. ^ McGuinness, Damien (22 March 2013). "Armenians flee Syria for their ancestral homeland". BBC News. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  130. ^ "Syrian Humanitarian Assistance Discussed With US Administration". Asbarez. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  131. ^ "Χαλύβοισι πρὸς νότον Ἀρμένιοι ὁμουρέουσι (The Armenians border on the Chalybes to the south)". Chahin, Mark (2001). The Kingdom of Armenia. London: Routledge. pp. fr. 203. ISBN 0-7007-1452-9.
  132. ^ "Haik and Hayastan". Archived from the original on 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2007-03-04.
  133. ^ "Armenia Provinces". Archived from the original on 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2007-03-04.
  134. ^ Thomas Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav V. Ivanov , The Early History of Indo-European Languages, March 1990, P.110

Bibliography[edit]

http://books.google.com/books?id=Z-xEyetzPPEC&lpg=PA249&ots=8ISd2ei3hl&dq=sandaramet&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q=ancestral%20stocks&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=B2W1YOG3N10C&pg=PA9&dq=6th+century+BC+armenians&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iv0aUrGjJZOA8gSk-YGYDA&ved=0CDMQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=6th%20century%20BC%20armenians&f=false

Suny

  • Minahan, James (1998). Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. ISBN 9780313306105.

http://books.google.com/books?id=fsEeXBmL1vcC&pg=PA7&dq=6th+century+BC+armenians&hl=en&sa=X&ei=a_8aUsnzD4fM9ASF_IGAAg&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=6th%20century%20BC%20armenians&f=false

  • Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993). Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253207739.
  • Diakonoff, Igor (1968). "The Formation of the Armenian People". The Pre-history of the Armenian People. Translated by Lori Jennings (Delmar, New York, 1984). Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences Publishing. pp. 101–130.

http://rbedrosian.com/Classic/diakph10.htm

Payaslian

  • Payaslian, Simon (2011). The Political Economy of Human Rights in Armenia: Authoritarianism and Democracy in a Former Soviet Republic. New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9780857731692.
  • Minahan, James B. (2000). One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups (1st ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313309847.

One Europe

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Yerevantsi/sandbox/Hayer&oldid=1092134818"